JLPT N1 Advanced
起伏
Undulations or ups and downs in terrain or emotions.
Readings
Other forms
起伏する suru verb
起伏に富む kifuku ni tomu - a common set phrase meaning "to be full of ups and downs"
1 Noun, Suru verb
Physical Ups and Downs / Uneven Terrain
Refers to the vertical rising and falling of land, such as hills, slopes, or uneven ground.
Example
この 辺り は 土地 の 起伏 が 激しい ので 、 歩く の が 大変 です 。
The terrain around here is very hilly, so it's tough to walk.
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2 Noun
Figurative Ups and Downs / Highs and Lows
Describes variations in intensity or state, commonly regarding emotions or storytelling dynamics.
Usage notes & examples
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